Drama
![Stripped](https://image.tmdb.org/t/p/w500/1ipUhrZ20j5etoqfJnzdlwhTcQd.jpg)
Stripped
Movie Information
Actor:
Katheryn Winnick,
Boyd Austin,
Alan Shearman,
Melissa Bickerton,
Stella Bonstin,
Kimberly Cashner,
Paul James Miller
Director:
India Dupré
Years:
2016
Quality:
HD